The Effects Of Video Game Violence On Children - 1348 Words

â€Å"Good evening, ladies and gentlemen! If you are just tuning in, we are getting reports of a tragic shooting at a small school early today. A gunman has stepped foot in an elementary school today, shooting and injuring dozens. It is unknown at this point how many have died thus far! Police currently have a suspect in custody, and we will bring you updates as this unfolds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Switching between channels in the safety of our living rooms, we have unfortunately experienced this terrible news before or one similar. With such tragedies that have taken place and fear of violence growing, Scientists believe relationships develop between video game violence as well as aggression among young children up to young adults, yet so many other teeming†¦show more content†¦Now I do believe we are what we eat and we learn plus mimic what we observe, but the exposure to videogames is not constant, or long enough for us to be able to blame videogames. The average gamer only pl ays eight hours a week. During the testing sessions in Singapore, the youths during the study were subjected to playing videogamess nonstop with minimal short breaks. Studies like that are taking test to the extremes by not mimicking social norms, but society does seem to hold studies like this with high regard, showing disregard for the test parameters like the hours played. Keeping culture along with parental presence differences in mind, another group studying the videogames violence went into detail with U.S. adolescents which seem to play a part of the study being done, and the finds conflict with the one performed in Singapore. In the study performed by the Department of Psychology, Stetson University led by Christopher J. Ferguson and Cheryl K. Olson shows the contrary to earlier cited findings. They performed a social experiment in youth who are acclaimed to be more susceptible to the graphic streaming of violent videogames. Furguson and Olsen tested students at a school prior to the games to get a base of children’s behavior, finding a few to have some aggressiveness in their scales. So, including those children in the study, they found the â€Å"predictive of bullying behaviorsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Television And Video Game Violence On Children899 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The following paper will examine the negative effects of television and video game violence on children who watch and play these games. Speculation as to the causes of the recent mass shootings in American schools and other public places motivated me to pay more attention to violence on television and in video games and write this paper. Most of these horrible attacks on innocent people occurred by a teenager or young adult. Flipping through television channels, I started payingRead MoreEssay on Video Game Violence and Its Effects on Children1215 Words   |  5 PagesVideo Game Violence and Its Effects on Children As we enter the 21st Century, video games are becoming more popular each and everyday. People of all ages can and do enjoy video games as a way to spend there free-time. These games allow the player to live in the game whether its about sports or a role playing game. The problem with the video games in the market is that they are becoming too violent in some peoples minds. Also, many of these violent video games are being advertised and directedRead MoreEffect of Video Game Violence on Children and Teens Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesViolent video games can lead to aggressive and violent behavior in children and adolescents. â€Å"Violent media increase aggression by teaching observers how to aggress, by priming aggressive cognition (including previously learned aggressive scripts and aggressive perceptual schemata), by increasing arousal, or by creating an aggressive state† (Anderson and Bushman 355). As more children are becoming exposed violence in video games in the rece nt years, violence in schools and other locations where childrenRead MoreHow Are Violent Video Games Affecting Young People? Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Head shot!† These are just a few examples of dialogue spoken by children while they are playing violent video games. These video games might seem like harmless fun, but what if the violence in these games is affecting the behavior of young players interacting with others? In a society driven by technology, video games are becoming more popular each and everyday. People of all ages enjoy video games in their free time; these games allow the player to become an athlete, a soldier, or a professionalRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Youth Of America1454 Words   |  6 PagesStates has a prominent role on the youth of America. A majority of children and young adults have access to internet, television, radio, newspapers, and video games practically any time they want. The violence in media, along with the availability of media are increasing, however the most predominant form of media for children is video games. Because of this, many are concerned with the effects on the youth. The violence in video games is a cause for aggressive emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in theRead MoreEng 1011630 Words   |  7 PagesViolence in Music Videos and Music Lyrics has a negative impact on children. Music videos that expose profanity and sexuality are inappropriate and leave a negative impression on young children. Violence in music videos can cause health problem. Music videos that promote negative lyrics are affecting young children. Music lyrics with vulgar languages affect the development and well-being of young children. For example, the study author (Stone, 2009) found â€Å"that music with explicit referencesRead MoreVideo Game Violence Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesVideo Game Violence Concerns about the effect of media violence on children extends back at least to the beginning of the mass media, with the issue raised with reference to films, radio, television, comic books, and so on. As technology brings new types of media to the fore, the issue shifts to depictions of violence in these new media. Both popular sources and scholarly address this issue, asking in effect how violent video games change children’s behavior and make them more violent, assumingRead MoreThe Effects of Violent Video Games on the Young1575 Words   |  6 Pagesroll music could have on their children. Much like the bad reputation rock and roll music received in the 1950’s, violent video games have been questioned and looked down upon as a newer form of influential media. Violent video games have been blamed for bullying, school shootings, increasing rape, and increasing the amount of women being abused. Despite the popular belief that video games can be very harmful to a child’s mind and cause violent behavior, video games don’t cause as much psychologicalRead MoreGame over: the Effects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesGame Over: The effects of Violent Video Games on Children Seven hours. That is the amount of hours a day the average American child plays a video games (Anderson 354), and with technology advancing and games becoming more graphic, the concern over a violent game’s effect over a child’s development is growing. What does playing video games for seven hours do to a child’s development? Violent, role-playing video games adversely affects a child’s development and causes aggression in children and adolescents;Read MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Violent Video Games1534 Words   |  7 Pagesof violent video games. But, we can prevent the distribution of these disturbing games to children, where their effects can be negative.† (Kohl, Herb). Violent video games have been blamed for children poor school performance, mental development, and aggressive behavior; there are many studies conducted by different psychologists and experts in the area, and they came up with different results. Most people and studies believe that c hildren are the primary victim of violent video games, and people

Analysis Of Macbeth And Medea Essay - 1331 Words

Charlotte Joko Beck said, â€Å"We have self-centered minds which get us into plenty of trouble. If we do not come to understand the error in the way we think, our self-awareness, which is our greatest blessing, is also our downfall.† In this particular quotation, Beck explores the bias of the human psyche and its ability to favor personal hankerings over logic and morale. â€Å"Euripides introduced psychological realism into ancient Greek drama through characters like Medea, whose motives are confused, complex, and ultimately driven by passion† (Galens and Spampinato para. 1). This one-sided battle of wills is portrayed throughout the literary tragedies of history, and it is essential to the structure of both Shakespearean and Greek tragedy: namely, those of Macbeth and Medea. In the nature of literary tragedy, tragic flaw and downfall go hand in hand. Macbeth and Medea, although their circumstances differ in time and place, share more than one personality flaw; howeve r, one major factor sets them apart. While the curse of pride, ego, and an insatiable hunger for power all contribute to the mental or physical downfall of both Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Euripides’ Medea, Macbeth’s ultimate hamartia is knowledge: specifically, his discovery of the prophecy. Macbeth and Medea were prompted by their own pride to commit violent and treasonous acts. Upon hearing of Macbeth’s hesitance to murder King Duncan, Lady Macbeth points out that his internal conflict only confuses his intentions,Show MoreRelatedTragedy and Common Man by Arthur Miller1559 Words   |  7 Pagesnot made in so many words it is most often implied. I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were. On the face of it this ought to be obvious in the light of modern psychiatry, which bases its analysis upon classic formulations, such as the Oedipus and Orestes complexes, for instance, which were enacted by royal beings, but which apply to everyone in similar emotional situations. More simply, when the question of tragedy in art in not at issueRead MoreHumanities Test4641 Words   |  19 PagesShakespeares Falstaff questions the value of: honor 1.   ( T or F ) Aristotle considered plot more important than character or thought. True 2.   ( T or F ) Aristotle was both a theater critic and a philosopher. True 3.   Aristotles famous analysis of tragedy is found in a work called: The Poetics 4.   Aristotles work on comedy is how long? 5 acts long 5. What did the Commedia dellearte specialize in? 6.   What is satire? a literary genre or form, although in practice it is also foundRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Tempest 2603 Words   |  11 PagesMalouin Malouin 11 Measuring a Life in a Drama When many people think of William Shakespeare, they think of plays like Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth or Hamlet. One of the most influential plays written by Shakespeare is not one listed above. The play that reflects the life and all of Shakespeare?s plays is The Tempest. This work was and still is influential in both America, Britain and around the world. Although William Shakespeare was an influential writer in American and British literature,Read MoreEssay about Addie Bundren in William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying2831 Words   |  12 Pageswicked woman, if you like (certainly a woman who has been warped and perverted), and she uses her energies for questionable purposes, but the lady Macbeths and Medeas—to name more celebrated and august members of Addie’s sisterhood—have all been such mixed cases . . .13 During the same time, Dorothy Tuck offered an analysis of Addie that provided a closer examination of her feminine identity in relation to various symbols in the text, vastly of a natural or animal variety

Poverty Is World’s Biggest Problem Free Essays

Poverty is the most serious problem facing the world, according to a major worldwide poll out Sunday which put the issue well ahead of climate change, terrorism and war. Overall, 71 per cent of people named extreme poverty as the biggest global issue, compared to 64pc who cited the environment or pollution and 63pc the rising cost of food and energy. Terrorism, human rights and the spread of disease were singled out by 59pc, climate change and the state of the world economy by 58pc and war by 57pc. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty Is World’s Biggest Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even if the global recession has kept economic problems top of people’s minds this year, extreme poverty is clearly viewed as the world’s most serious global problem,† said Sam Mountford, research director for GlobeScan, which conducted the poll for the BBC World Service. â€Å"But with many other global problems seen as very serious, this represents a daunting agenda for institutions like the UN and G20 to address. † Results varied between nations. People in India and Pakistan rated terrorism as their top concern and it was also in the top three in Britain, Indonesia and Spain, which have suffered major attacks in recent years. Japan was the only country to view climate change as the most serious issue, while China ranked it second and the US ninth. More than 25,000 people in 23 countries were interviewed face-to-face, online or over the telephone for the poll, which was conducted between June and October last year. How to cite Poverty Is World’s Biggest Problem, Essay examples

Free Sample United Parcel Services- Enterprise Systems

Question: Discuss about the Enterprise Systems for United Parcel Services. Answer: Introduction This report depicts the crucial necessity of adopting an integrated system in terms of Enterprise Resource Planning to mitigate the challenges continuously occurring in United Parcel Service. Due to lack of usage of technologies the organization was lagging behind and the level of competitive advantages was increasing at rapid rate. The integrated system helps to take efficient decisions for UPS. Different challenges are faced by the organization are demonstrated in this report and also during the implementation of the project UPS faced many difficulties. The report discusses the benefits of ERP solution and the ways through which the up graded solution also benefited the users will elaborate in this report. System Integration Overview Due to the growing rate of competitive advantages in the shipping industry United Parcel Services was identified as one of the major strugglers. The biggest competition to UPS was the Federal Express (Al Marri 2014). During analysis of processes it had been found that less amount of improvised technologies are utilized by UPS. Key role plays by ERP and the Senior Managers of an Organization The ERP was introduced to serve two different functionalities one for the Human resource operations and another for financial management. The top management team plays multiple roles while implementing an ERP system (Tambovcevs 2012). The success and failure of the project is based on the final decision undertaken by the top level managerial team of an organization. They also help to resolve conflicts that might occur in an organization. System Integration Challenges During analysis of the business activities maintained by UPS it has been found that, UPS has faced many challenges. While implementing the project, UPS also faced many challenges. Selection of improper technological solution: In order to manage unique data stored in the storage of the organization, proper data management capable system is needed to implement by UPS (Essop et al. 2016). During adaptation of technological solution incorrect vendor selection might lead to major failure. Issue during implementation of shared data: The information stored in the data storage is needed to be secured so that unauthenticated users can not hack those data. However, improper data architecture configuration might hamper an ideal solution (Al Marri 2014). Though, the data are needed to be flexible and readable from the user and management perspectives. In house process oriented issues: Data manipulation is needed to be secured and manageable. Secret data are needed to keep secret and moreover the IT infrastructure should be well framed. This might be a major challenge in integrated system implementation. Challenges faced by UPS during implementation of the integrated project Many shipping organizations have adopted emerging technologies to develop their business process (Xion et al. 2015). However, UPS took late entry to the ERP solution and the challenges faced by UPS are as follows: Due to lack of data management wrong addresses might be served by UPS and delivery of products to wrong destination will take place. Loading of parcel in incorrect trucks will also deliver products in undesired location. All the parcel boxes are almost similar to look at. Incorrect services is time consuming and costly also. Lack of action planning, technologies and less number of experts during the implementation of the ERP solution is another major issue (Al Marri 2014). The technical culture was not appreciable and was also challenged by the consumer requirements in terms of selling, buying. System integration benefits at UPS United Parcel Service got benefited after implementing the integrated system in terms of ERP solution. It was beneficial for the organization and for the users also. It offers advanced user level permission settings and strengthens the security of the business related data. The confidential data can be prevented from external attacks (Tarhini, Ammar Tarhini 2015). Software and automatic vendor security is provided by the ERP system Online knowledge community and uniform knowledge platform is associated to the ERP system (Sykes 2015). It helps to resolve web-based difficulties also. Moreover, all the necessary application regarding data integration is served by the ERP tools. A better collection of data helps to take proper decision. Business forecasting and dashboard format helps to develop growth rate in automated and streamline processes (Varajo, Colomo-Palacios Silva 2016). Real time connectivity between the service providers and the consumer on a single platform are served by the advanced ERP solution. Best practices serves for System Integration to derive the success Story of UPS More than 60,000 web sites with 7.2 million consumers can track their request on a platform. The new UPS IT platform serves improved software as Packages Flow 12. It provides well balanced data management system. It gives real time communication system with an efficient linkage between the tracking number, data and the entire processing system (Ram, Corkindale Wu 2013). It gave the entire power to the consumers. The integrated system of UPS manages the entire financial system and the HR management system. Benefits of the consumers of UPS All the consumers of the process can keep the track record of the system. The consumers can frequently keep in touch with the service providers and get required answer of the query regardless of the location and the time (Jayawickrama, Liu Smith 2014). The service is affordable by the consumers and it helps to reduce the time of the entire processing. Based on the demand of the consumers the quality off the products and the price can be changed to increase the commercial benefits (Al Marri 2014). The web application helps the customers to share their experiences with other consumers on a single connected platform. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, the report has mentioned the importance of adapting an ERP solution in order to get commercial benefit and to from the market place. ERP solution has many challenges and benefits also. The challenges and the benefits faced by UPS are also elaborated on this report. In previous days UPS was facing challenges but gradually after implementation of ERP solution the company becomes able to achieve commercial benefit from the shipping industry. System integration is a cohesive process that is generally created by collecting different components from various resources. The report represented the entire system in a well organized manner. References Al Marri, K. 2014. ERP implementation in the project-based organizations of the construction industry.The Business Management Review,4(4), p.13. Bennett, J.M.A. 2014. How internal audit can contribute to the success of ERP implementation projects in an Irish context. Dey, P., Bose, A., Hajare, S. 2015. ERP implementation in courier industry. Essop, I.A. Evans, R.D., Wan, S., Giddaluru, M.P., Gao, J.X., Baudry, D., Mahdikhah, S. Messaadia, M 2016. Investigation into current industrial practices relating to product lifecycle management in a multi-national manufacturing company.Computer-Aided Design and Applications, pp.1-15. Fosso Wamba, S., Akter, S., Coltman, T., WT Ngai, E. 2015. Guest editorial: information technology-enabled supply chain management.Production Planning Control,26(12), 933-944. Jayawickrama, U., Liu, S. Smith, M.H. 2014. An ERP knowledge transfer framework for strategic decisions in knowledge management in organizations.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology,5(4), p.301. Ram, J., Corkindale, D. Wu, M.L. 2013. Implementation critical success factors (CSFs) for ERP: Do they contribute to implementation success and post-implementation performance?.International Journal of Production Economics,144(1), pp.157-174. Saldanha, J. P., Mello, J. E., Knemeyer, A. M., Vijayaraghavan, T. A. S. 2015. Implementing supply chain technologies in emerging markets: An institutional theory perspective.Journal of Supply Chain Management,51(1), 5-26. Shatat, A. S. 2015. Critical success factors in enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementation: an exploratory study in oman.Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation,18(1). Sykes, T. A. 2015. Support Structures and Their Impacts on Employee Outcomes: A Longitudinal Field Study of an Enterprise System Implementation.MIS quarterly,39(2), 437-495. Tambovcevs, A 2012. ERP system implementation in Latvian manufacturing and construction company.Technological and Economic Development of Economy,18(1), pp.67-83. Tarhini, A., Ammar, H. Tarhini, T. 2015. Analysis of the critical success factors for enterprise resource planning implementation from stakeholders perspective: A systematic review.International Business Research,8(4), p.25. Varajo, J., Colomo-Palacios, R. Silva, H. 2017. ISO 21500: 2012 and PMBoK 5 processes in information systems project management.Computer Standards Interfaces,50, pp.216-222. Xiong, G., Nyberg, T.R., Dong, X. Shang, X. 2015. Intelligent Technologies and Systems of Material Management. InIntelligent Techniques in Engineering Management(pp. 295-330). Springer International Publishing.

The Retreat free essay sample

In the poem, The Retreat, the author expresses a longing for the angelic innocence he once had as a child before being corrupted by the harsh realities of the world. The variation of past and present has a significant impact on the evaluation he is making based upon his life. Wishing to return to a life of glory, but not having the courageous soul to embark on the journey because of the corrupt habits Vaughn has developed causes him a predicament. In the imagery and tone used in the poem, Vaughn expresses the mental settings that a place of purity and chaos can put one in. The imagery used in this poem to describe the past and present is very black in white. He uses childhood and the afterlife waiting for him as white, positive, celestial ideals while his experiences throughout life and his adulthood and used as black, negative connotations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Retreat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To describe his early years he uses the term â€Å"angel infancy† (line 2). The thought he perceived then were â€Å"white, celestial thought† (line 6); but as he grew older, he began teach â€Å"sin to every sense† (line 18). With his words he â€Å"taught the tongue to wound† (line 15) and his conscience was changed into a â€Å"sinful sound† (line 16). He wishes to return to his previous state of innocence before he left his â€Å"glorious train, / From whence th’ enlightened spirit sees/ That shady city of palm trees† (lines 24-26). However, he has noticed the flaws in his ways, â€Å"my soul with too much too much stay/ Is drunk, and stagger in the way† (line 27-28) When his â€Å"dust falls to the urn† (line 31), he is confident that he will be returned to his original state, to an everlasting entity. Along with imagery and tone, the structure of the poem also plays a vital role in showing the contrast between his current state of longing and his past state, which was full of experiencing glory. The Retreat is also set up as a two-stanza poem that allows the reader to clearly see the two distinct phases of the speaker’s life—both past and present. The first stanza of the poem speaks of the happier days in life, when he was bound in splendor in glory. On the other hand, â€Å"O, how I long to travel back† (line 21) is the desire expressed in the second stanza. Through the second stanza, the speaker relays that his life has changed and how he wishes he could return to his former state of pleasure (line 21). Between the two stanzas, the first is longer than the other is. One could say that because death is such an unknown concept, he knows less to write about and inform any reader. The first stanza was longer because certain persons can develop thoughts about how to perceive existence before conception and becoming mortal. After death, there is no one to tell us what could come or how someone may feel since the individual who has passed has no way to inform others. Written by Henry Vaughan, The Retreat tells of the longings experienced by a lost man who recollects former days of joy, yet cannot journey back to obtain such feelings. The poem clearly contains forms of imagery, tone, and a set structure to pinpoint specifically the former and present state of the speaker. Through these techniques, the reader can easily enter into the mindset of the speaker whose feelings of emptiness and distraught cause his yearning to enter back into heaven to be even stronger.

Workplace safety Essay Example

Workplace safety Essay Example Workplace safety Essay Workplace safety Essay Workers in the meat packing industries in the United States are faced with very many safety issues in their work places. They perform dangerous jobs in very difficult conditions as they dispatch non-stop rows and rows of animal carcasses in the plant kill floors and the hang areas, sawing and cutting the meat at volumes and pace which is unpredictable. Due to the high demand for the meat in restaurants and supermarkets, workers are faced with bloody and greasy conditions, vulnerabilities, and several abuses by the foremans which violate their human rights.The workers work in great fear and risk as the industry has an extraordinary high rates of injuries and other workers face dismissals especially when they exercise their rights to organize or bargain for a collective   attempt to improve their working conditions which are constantly devastating. These industries mostly have immigrant workers who are particularly at risk especially due to the language barrier which prevent them fro m knowing their rights under the American law and the hazardous workplaces which they are exposed to. These workers are mostly undocumented and therefore they are threatened with deportation if they try to organize themselves in trying to improve their working conditions which are particularly worrying. ;fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/98-027R/WorkerSafetyIssuesRelatedtoAMR.pdfThe major features of the industry make it rife with hazards to life, limb and health, the key dangers are; one, line speed. Meat parkers try to maximize volume of animals going through the plant by increasing the speed of processing animals which is directly related to profits and injuries and has made the regulators to set line speed based on the safety and health considerations.The second is close- quarters cutting where workers use sharp hooks and knives and cut at close quarters. Heights of disassembly lines and work surfaces and the space between the workers is equal regardless of the, height (tall or sh ort) or stoutness, therefore workers have to make extra efforts which bring greater risks to them and the coworkers. The force used to cut and the direction of the stabs, jerks, cuts and yanks are unpredictable and workers end up cutting each other.Workers have to lift, shove and turn heavy animal parks, saws and other equipments which tire them and make them strain as they require force for sawing, cutting, lifting, slicing and pulling which is the major cause of musculoskeletal disorders. They work in dirty conditions especially those who are in the live hang department of poultry industry because the chicken bit, peck, urinate and defecate on them. Workers have sullied work conditions where they lack protective equipments, they come into contact with blood, grease, ingesta, animal feces and other excretions from animals and especially in Nebraska Beef which has not met the sanitary production standards for workers and consumers since 2001 and 2002. ;osha.gov/SLTC/meatpacking/   ;According to (Forkard, 2004), the workers work for long hours and have prolonged work shifts which are less safe for workers and increase the risk of accidents. Workers have inadequate training before being put on the jobs and they lark adequate equipments. The industries under report injuries as found out by OSHA and one recent article show that 69% of nonfatal occupational injuries are not reported, (Leigh, Marcin ; Miller2004).There have been several measures and recommendations which have been taken to protect workers in the meat and poultry industry by the human rights watch.One of them is the the international human rights standard and the U.S law. The human rights instruments recognize the importance of the insurance system for job related injuries and illnesses to protect workers including non-citizens. Universal declaration of human rights expects everyone to have aright to just and favorable working conditions, the right to security in event of unemployment, disability o r lark of other livelihoods which are beyond the workers control. The ILO convention prescribes workers compensation for employees including medical care, rehabilitation services, salary replacement and death benefits for survivors of dead workers, United States and trading partners of North America committed themselves to establishing a system which provide benefits and compensation to workers and Dependants in case of occupational injury which has occurred in the course of employment.In regard to compliance to the international standards on freedom of association, the universal declaration of human rights declare that everyone has a right of freedom of peaceful assembly and association and join trade unions without impediments. They should have a right to bargain collectively on matters concerning terms and conditions of employment and right to strike so as to defend their collective interests.regarding the law censoring safety of workers regardless of the immigration status, the universal declaration of human rights shows that the law should apply to all persons including the immigrant workers regardless of their status. the International Convention on the Protection of the Human Rights of all Migrant workers and members of their families call for equal treatment which is not less favorable than the one which applies to the nationals. The equal treatment include pay, work conditions, and legal protections which include the rights to organize and carry out a collective bargaining.   ; unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/m_mwctoc.htm;(According to anonymous, (1999), United States working conditions were improved remarkably in the 1990s and despite the successes, much work remains with the goal of workers being a productive and a safe working life where retirement will be free of occupational diseases. there has been decrease in fatal occupational injuries due to efforts by labor and management to improve the worker safety. Other efforts were from state labor and health authorities through education, research and regulatory activities which have been undertaken by the government agencies such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]. there was physical changes such as safer equipment, safer work practices, improvement training of health and professionals for workers and there has been reduction in workplace deaths. ;www.osha.gov/SLTC/meatpacking/ ;Recommendations of the human rights watch are; the new federal state laws to reduce the line speed in the meat and poultry industry to reasonable levels which do not create a constant preventable risk of injury and establish ergonomics standards so as to reduce repetitive injuries and the health and safety authorities should put stronger enforcement measures and development of stronger worker compensation laws and enforcement mechanisms to ensure that the laws are followed.The safety authorities and government health should device stricter injury reporting requirements so as to end the chro nic under reporting of injuries in the industry. Stronger laws should be enforced stronger laws so that the employers does not avoid claims by the injured workers.;fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FRPubs/98027R/WorkerSafetyIssuesRelatedtoAMR.pdf ;Anti-retaliation laws which are meant to prohibit the firing of employees who file workers compensation claims should be enforced. In particular, immigrant workers must be informed of of their rights under the laws of workers compensation and be assured of their ability to file claims without the fear of reprisal.Employers should not intimidate anti-organizing campaigns to take advantage of loopholes and the weaknesses found in U.S labor law and congress should enact legislation to bring the labor law into compliance with the international standards.The new laws should ensure respect for human rights of immigrant workers regardless of their status and they should have the same work place protection as the nationalists which include coverage of unde r fair labor standards and other labor laws and same remedies should apply when their human rights are violated.The deontological theory or duty ethics in work places determine if an act or rule is morall right or wrong and if it meets the set moral standards. If a rule is made universal without any contradiction, the it is right and vice versa. Giving promises and not keeping them is morally wrong because it cannot be made a universal law. Utilitarianism refers to the ethical merit of an act which is determined to be best due to the consequences or the results of the act. It says that actions are right when they produce the benefits and prevent harm.Determining the greatest good for the greatest number of people is not easily determined, therefore, these recommendations by the human rights watch may be a bit hard to establish in the meat packing industry because they will be good for the employees and not the employers.In conclusion, the meat packing industries in the United States work in very poor conditions which put their livest at risk. They lack safety equipments, compensation in case of injuries and are exposed to extremely harsh conditions which result to severe injuries and even deaths. The employers put the workers at severe risks of serious physical injury even though there are various means in which they can avoid those injuries which are predictable and well known.   They put the workers under constant frustration especially when they try to get a compensation for injuries sustained during the working process and crush their self organizing efforts and the rights of association of the workers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employers pay little attention to the modern human resources management policies and exploit the vulnerability of the workforce which is predominated by the immigrant labor force. Several measures have been taken by the human rights watch where laws have been established so that the workers and especially the immigrants can be able to claim good working environments as well as their human rights from their employers.

Arabic Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arabic Culture - Assignment Example Also, Arabic traditions and cuisine is largely influenced by the geographic regions that constitute the Arab region (Ayalon 14). This paper will look at three cultural practices that are impacted by history and geography. First, Brides all over the Arab region take part in the customary henna ceremony or party. All the countries in the Arab region consider henna as both decorative and carrying fertility and good luck to the women who are going to be married (Ayalon 31). In some Arab regions, females go to a party shortly prior to the wedding where the feet and hands of the bride are painted with elaborate outlines. The henna paste is applied in a cautious manner and should stay untouched on the skin for a number of hours to form a stout dark blemish. During this period the bride is kept company by her family and friends and this is her last chance to socialize without the watch of her companion and, finally, a household. In other Arab regions, the application of henna may be applied directly before the wedding or constitute part of the ceremony. Second, Muslim eating practices exist all over the Arab region. Arab Muslims do not consume any alcohol or eat meat from pigs. In addition, these people keep the left hand at the side and eat with the right one during meals. This is because Muslim Arabs in all regions perceive the left hand as unclean. They are also extremely cautious not to point the sole of their feet at another person during meals, if they are sitting on the floor. This is presumed to be offensive (Ayalon 38). Arab cuisine is also a mixture of richly different cuisines from all over the Arab region from northern Africa to the Middle East. They also consume lots of tea or coffee before, during, or after meals. Finally, Arab communities have an extremely strict policy regarding female and male interaction. A large part of the Arab region is made up

Discussion Question Responses for Strategic Management Assignment

Discussion Question Responses for Strategic Management - Assignment Example I strongly agree to the idea that companies’ missions should share a strong link with the vision. A mission is better described or elaborated, as compared to the vision. This is because it explicates the reason for the firm’s existence, the technicality it desires to employ in order to achieve its goals and the scope of its activities or operations. However, I reason that it is not necessary that firms include social responsibility or roles in their missions, even though the idea sells the company. This is because it makes the company engage in unnecessary activities and expenses that can be easily avoided. Acision, a data management firm, offers a comprehensive vision statement that encompasses every important element. First, it understands customers’ needs then followed by the approach employed to meet the needs (Acision, 2011). The company also points the uniqueness of their services by pointing out that their data will be evolving. This is an impeccable approach, as it will ensure the company fully meets its client desires. It is important to note how Acision idealizes themselves as the most prominent firm in mobile data. Despite the fact that the statement itself is debatable, it provides a motivation to the employee when conceptualized. I, therefore, applaud how the company states its values and promote employees condition to uphold the code of ethics strictly. However, I am displeased by the fact that the vision does not state the welfare of employees in the company. I do agree that mission and value statements should be evaluated to test whether they are within reach of practical effort. In discussing the ineffectiveness of a firm’s vision or mission, I find it imperative to look at the factors that cause the same. A clear vision enables easy formulation or creation of company objectives. However, if

Defining the Role of the President of the United States as Outlined in Research Paper

Defining the Role of the President of the United States as Outlined in the US Constitution - Research Paper Example The President can appoint people to high-level positions of public administration. This role and power are enshrined and provided for in Section II of Article II of the Constitution where the Chief Executive can select top employees, subject to the approval of the Senate. Still, as the Chief Administrator, Section III of Article II bestows the power to make recommendations on fiscal policies on the President of the United States. The consideration of this article is always done in light of Article I of the US constitution which accords Congress the power to review taxes and spending. Nevertheless, the power to control the budget-making process is chief among the crucial administrative prerogatives of the President of the US. In this light, it is often the President who makes the decision on how and where the money is spent. At the end of the 1990s, the Office of the President took over a more significant function in determining federal spending. Section III of Article also extends the Office of the President of the United States the powers of a Chief Magistrate. Particularly, Section III of Article states that the President of the United States â€Å"†¦ shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In a closely related wavelength, Section VII of Article I accords the President of the United States the powers of the Chief Legislator. This section of the US Constitution states that every bill which the Senate and the House of Representative shall pass shall be presented to the President of the United States prior to its becoming law. If the President approves the Bill, he shall append his signature to it. Otherwise, the President shall return the Bill to the House with his objections to it.  

The Definition Of Downsizing Management Essay

The Definition Of Downsizing Management Essay Given the issues relating to this research field are introduced and research objectives are also be proposed carefully in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, the researcher would like to continuous introduces the concepts, definitions and theories relevant to the issues that already mentioned in Chapter 1, through that, Chapter 2 will provide and build research hypothesis for research. Basically, Chapter 2 includes the main parts as follows (1) The definition of downsizing, (2) The definition of Survivors Syndrome, (3) The research hypothesis (4) Chapter summary. Definition of Downsizing In the economic context of continuous competitive, developing, changing and unpredictable, organizations suffering severe downturns in their business or facing difficulties, downsizing strategy is being used by many organizations in every industries and sectors with different goals and visions. There is not a single downsizing definition accepted by all researchers (Davis, Savage, Steward Chapman, 2003). There are many different definitions or understanding about downsizing, for example Cameron, (1994:194) defines downsizing as a positive strategy which do as a purpose of organizations: a set of organizational activities undertaken on the part of management of an organization and designed to improve organizational efficiency, productivity, and/or competitiveness. In another the way, downsizing is not something just happen to the organization, it is something that the organization knows and act purposively. Downsizing is may be implemented as a defensive reaction to decline or as a pr oactive strategy to enhance organizational performance (Kim S Cameron, 1994). Many organizations for a long time that no longer considered downsizing as a situation solution in the hard time period, but they considered downsizing as an effective strategy to reduce costs, human focus, create job opportunities, increased job challenge and promotion. The expenditure cost can be cut effectively due to better decision making and effective human resource controlling if the organization can maintain the right sized of company. It develops a culture of work where employees can have opportunities for growth, they can easily participate and involvement in making decision. Moreover, employees easily feel be part of organization that they should better participate with more collaboration, fidelity, and accuracy. According to Mishra and Spreitzer (1998) defines downsizing has become the strategy favored by many organizations attempting to cope with fundamental, structural changes in the world ec onomy. Downsizing as a deliberate reduction in size or complexity of a firms activities intended to improve the profitability, productivity, and/or competitiveness of the firms continuing operations(Legatski II, 1998). But in conclusion, most researches have defined downsizing as any reduction in the size of the organization (e.g. Budros, 1999; Cascio, 1993; Freeman Cameron, 1993; Kozlowski, Chao, Smith Hedlund, 1993). Downsizing, in general, refers to the reduction of work for certain organization. For employees, downsizing is considered as a management weapon to enforce greater control over the workforce. To management, it is a strategic measure to bring optimized operation efficiency and productivity in organization. Cameron and colleagues (e.g. Cameron et all., 1991, 1993; Cameron, 1994b) have identified three organizational strategies to achieve downsizing: workforce reduction strategy, work redesign and systematic change. The first strategy is workforce reduction is typi cally a short-term strategy, which simply focuses on reducing organizations headcount. In a confirmatory study, Mishra and Mishra (1994) found that such strategy might lead to loss in valued organizational competency or negative outcome of those who remains. Human resource is essential and is a factor that makes the decision for the development of organizations. Lack of human resource will increase workload, anxiety about losing their jobs at any time, and these feeling leads to insecurity psychological, these are reasons that cause labor productivity reduced. Work reduction is applied by organizations through some programs such as attrition, early retirement or voluntary severance packages, layoffs and terminations. The second and third strategies are work redesign and systematic change strategies. While work reductions resulted is lead to reduction, rather than improvement, the work redesign and systematic change are positively related to organizational performance in term of both cost reduction and quality improvement (Cameron et all.,1993; Mishra and Mishra, 1994) and to survivors (people who remains) of downsizing having a positive learning orientation (Farrell and Mavando, 2004). Many previous researches indicated that the use of workforce reduction is increasing and become popular despite the harmful impacts may arise for organization. Workforce reduction or simply called workforce downsizing is becoming the most popular strategy and a plethora of workforce reduction strategies for downsizing of employees has been proposed (e.g. Greenhalgh et al., 1988; Gutchess, 1985; Leana Feldman, 1992; Price, 1990). Whenever reduce equipments, machinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ organizations can find out the outcome and its impact through simple calculations, but in workforce downsizing, the emotions, loyalty, and human effort cannot simply calculate. In an organizational context, employees not only contribute their individual skills and knowledge, they also collaborate and integrate their separate skills toward creating firm capabilities. As such, both human and social capital-and therefore the commitment and the loyalty of employees-play an important role in dictating a firms ca pacity to create competitive advantage. Reducing headcount may lead to immediate labor cost savings, but it can also seriously erode employee commitment and loyalty, with negative consequences for firm competitiveness and performance. So the questions are what the impacts of workforce downsizing to organizations are, how it effects, and what the advantage and disadvantage of the impact are? Some researches indicated the opinion that organizational downsizing may create better productivity or better performance for organization; while, others indicate downsizing may create negative impact or threat to human resource, break of existed organization culture. Downsizing has been defined as an attempt to increase organizational effectiveness(Kozlowsky, et. al. 1993). Freeman Cameron (1993) and Tomasco (1990) from their finding indicated that organization downsizing created some benefits to organization such as faster decision making, more flexibilities, and increase in productivity. Cascio (1993:97) suggested that proponents of downsizing generally expect the following benefits: lower overheads, less bureaucracy, faster decision making, smoother communications, greater entrepreneurship and increases in productivity. Dow nsizing can suggest to financial markets or government funding agencies that an organization is cutting costs and reducing waste, which may increase availability of capital for subsequent activities (Cascio, 1993; Dial Murphy, 1995; Palmon, Sun Tang, 1997. Downsizing for some individuals is also a chance to demonstrate the capacity himself, or an opportunity for career development. The people who still remain with organization will be the one who give the most effort for the development of organization, if they can prove themselves at this time, success may comes to their organization and will come to them as well. However, in contrast with the benefits that downsizing may bring, many other previous studies indicate their strongly disagree with those arguments. Downsizing may provide a decrease in operating expenses in the near term, but the long term impacts may not be so positive (Difrances, 2002). Downsizing can lead to a loss of knowledge and experience base because of some laid off will be the people who worked for a long time with organization, old people, who may not have a fast and efficient action in work like young people, but they have extensive knowledge, experiences that young people learn in short time, loss available mentors for existing and new employees, loss of corporate culture, and downsizing can have direct impaction to the customers such as loss of established customer service and contacts. Therefore, whenever workforce downsizing is chosen by organizations in hard time or peaceful time, there is definite and obvious impact good or bad on organizations. But in all the affected elements, the human factor is probably the most affected element. Human capital (i.e., the knowledge, skills, and abilities of employees) is one of the primary factors a business can rely on to differentiate their products or services and build a competitive advantage (Hargis Bradley, 2011). Human resource is one of the 5Ms (Man, Money, Machine, Method, and Material) of management process of production; they are five input resources for any businesses. (http://www.setpointusa.com/blog/lean-manufacturing-5-ms/). Even when the world economy is continuous developing, many modern machines are developed and can somehow a part replace human resource, but no organization can flourish without human resource. Human resource is a decisive factor that can determine the working of remaining four factors, peo ple is the one who ensure flexible operation of machine, the reasonable use of material as well as appropriate use of money and method, all these actions will help the organization achieve their goals. During crisis situation as well as in the peaceful time, man or human resource is the only factor that helps businesses overcome or limit the adverse impact of crisis. Man is the most important Ms among five Ms, the right and stable number of human resource in appropriate jobs will enable the success beyond imagination of the organization. They are staffs of organization, they dedicated their soul to the development of organization, they are people who be laid off or people who lucky enough to keep their job. The individuals who lose their jobs (called victims) are obviously the most affected by downsizing. Numerous researchers have focused on the impact of downsizing on workers whose employment is terminated due to reasons independent of job competence (Cappelli, 1992). These individ uals are often known as the victims of downsizing due to research that documents the devastation of job loss, focusing on negative consequences in terms of psychological and physical well-being (e.g., Bennett, Martin, Bies, Brockner, 1995; Cappeili, 1992; Fallick, 1996; Leana Feldman, 1992). The real pains of downsizing cannot be minimized. Careers change, families struggle, and downsized victims suffer loss of prestige, income and security. While a few downsized individuals may be victims of their own past inefficiency, the vast number are those who have performed well and played by the rules but have become the victims of a changing economic environment. However, several researchers have analyzed those who remain in the downsized organization called survivors (e.g., Allen, Freeman, Russell, Reizenstein, Rentz, 2001; Appelbaum Donia, 2001; Brockner, 1988a; 1992; 1995; Brockner, Grover, OMalley, Reed, Glynn, 1993; Cascio, 1993; Mollica Gray, 2001; Noer, 1993; ONeill Lenn, 1995; Shah, 2000). The survivors of downsizing are not the happy campers, grateful to have their jobs, but rather that surviving is so difficult that continuing employees experience higher levels of stress than displaced employees (Collins-Nakai, Devine, Stainton Reay, 2003). The existent psychological contract between employees and their managers within the organization may be affected by the downsizing. Many researchers reported that it would create feeling of anxiety, uncertainty, distrust and decrease in productivity. The fear and anxiety of survivors who still remain with the organization is increasing due to the increasing feeling of uncertainty, instabili ty and insecurity that downsizing may brings. This is called as survivors syndrome. Definition of survivor syndrome The literature suggests a condition referred to as survivor syndrome, or a set of attitudes, feelings and perceptions that occur in employees who remain in organizational systems following involuntary employee reductions (Collins-Nakai, Devine, Stainton Reay, 2003 p.109-110). Survivor syndrome is defined by some human resource professionals as being the mixed bag of behaviors and emotions often exhibited by remaining employees following an organizational downsizing (Appelbaum, Close Klasa, 1999 p.424-436). Survivor syndrome has become known as the emotional and attitudinal characteristics of those who have survived from a downsizing (Mossholder et al., 2000; Iverson and Pullman, 2000; Allen et al., 2001). The emotional responses of each survivor are different. There are not many previous researches confirmed the positive response for survivor when downsizing occurs, some note that concentrating on core operational competencies can reduce unnecessary management layers and increase the speed of decision-making (DeWitt, 1993; Tomasko, 1989), some researches even suggest that fear of termination may increase individual effort among employees who wish to retain their jobs (Kraft, 1991). A few active survivors feel themselves so lucky because they still have their job, survivors may work more hours without compensation to help the organization through the transition. They believe that they quite understand the difficulties as well as the main reasons why organizations choose to apply downsizing strategy, they are willing to stick with organization for a long time and continue add their efforts to the development of organizations. Contrary to a few positive responses, a lot of previous researches have provided many evidences to prove the harmful impacts of downsizing may bring for survivors such as lower morale (Armstrong-Stassen, 1993), increase stress (Leana and Feldman, 1992), and anger, envy, and guilt (Noer, 1993). According to Collins-Nakai, Devine, Stainton Reay (2003) consistent with the terminology of a syndrome, this collection of symptoms includes anger, depression, fear, distrust, and guilt, or Baruch and Hind (2000) indicates that survivors exhibit a plethora of problems, such as de motivation, cynicism, insecurity, demoralization and a significant decline in organizational commitment. Termination of co-workers may lead to perceptions of organizational injustice and distrust of top management (e.g. Brockner Greenberg, 1990; Mishra Spreitzer, 1998; Noer, 1998). Kinnie, Hutchinson and Purcell (1998) indicated the survivors syndrome include increased levels of stress, absenteeism, distrust as well as decreased levels of work quality, morale and productivity. Lecky (1998) identified the survivor syndrome will le ad to decrease employee commitment, increase concern about job security. A lot of research shows that in case of downsizing, the organization breaks the existed psychological contract between employees and their managers, which is the relationship that make employees get along to their organization or their manager, feel commitment to work, trying their best to the development of the organization. It is a loyalty, commitment with organization. But its consequences may brought by downsizing can create the dependent psychological within employees, they did not want to try, to give their effort because of their worried, uncertain and the loyal feeling may be replaced by a sense of betrayal. Downsizing survivors often curious about management and spend their times to observe the intention of management after downsizing occurs; they have greater concern on their future with the organization. It creates stress among employees in the organization; it affects their next attempt and the willing to stay with the organizations. With survivors, organization may think s they are lucky, but in the reality of many people, their emotions are anger, loneliness, feel lost in broken team work because of missing their colleagues, they do not feel confident enough for work due to their wondering about their job. Downsizing occurs that means organization is left with fewer employees who are expected to put in their best effort in a manner that enhances organizational productivity (Kets de Vries Balazs 1997). They are the ones who organization put their faith in; expect long term commitment, but with few people, it may lead to workload, role conflict, and role ambiguity tend to be high among the remaining staff after downsizing (Hellgren et al. 2005; Parker et al. 1997; Tombaugh White 1990). Workload reflects the perception of having too much work to do in the time available (Beehr, Walsh Taber 1976). Workgroup membership changes also may be associated with the loss of important organizational knowledge (Fisher White, 2000). Role conflict concerns the experience of having to deal with conflicting terms, instructions, and demands in the work environment (Rizzo, House Lirtzman 1970). Role ambiguity relates to the individuals experience of not knowing what is expected of her at work (Caplan 1971). Besides that, survivors may view downsizing as a threat to their job security, an indication of poor organizational performance, or a symptom of unfair management behavior. Survivors may also develop negative feelings toward the organization, as well as perceiving that organizational goals are difficult to achieve. According to Isabella (1989) has noted that while organizations are usually take care of the needs of those being laid off, they are often forget and unprepared for the changing emotions, lower morale and productivity often experienced and expressed by survivors. Managers may expect survivors not only to be grateful they were spared and to forgive what happened to their friends, but also to put their feelings aside and work har der. But the reality is not that, a bag of survivor behaviors or called survivors syndrome has always existed, it is like a contract between employees and organizations, the contract gives survivors psychological control over their work environment, which lets them freely invest themselves in caring for customers. Trust Granovetter (1985) and Lewis and Weigert (1985) define trust as a willingness to be vulnerable to others, based on the prior belief that those others are trustworthy. Another definition of trust is offered by Mayer, Davis and Schoorman (1995), who proposed that trust is the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party. Or according to Mishra Spreitzer (1998) trust is related to psychological contracts since trust is the expectation of a future action based on the action in the past by observing the rules of behaviors in relationships. If these expectations are not met, the expectation becomes hopeless, frustrated and will lose confidence, distrust will appear instead of trust (Robinson, Kraatz Rousseau, 1994). The trust is an essential part of managing people and building a high performance, productivity organization. Trust is the foundation of all relationship from top to bottom in the organization. If employees believe in their manager, their organization, this relationship will always help to create good working conditions, employees are willing to stand up for their organization at any situations, they will naturally want to do a good things, contribute their best effort for the success of their organization. Conversely, if there is no trust between employees and managers, employees will have negative actions, will not devote their energy to the development of their organization, the relationship is broken. Downsizing organizations appear to suffer a deterioration of trust (Buch Aldridge, 1991; Cascio, 1993) and an increase in fear (Buch et al., 1991). The occurring of downsizing makes employees feel uncertain about organization, stress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the responses tends to score lower in problem solving, creativity and the ability to learn new skills, uncertainty and anxiety reduces the focus of work. Trust between employees and organization also reduced because downsizing is usually a headache thought of managers, they need a long time for making the decision, but with employees, downsizing is just a sudden result, sometimes they do not have a chance to prepare or may not believe that they will be the one who be laid off. According to ONeill Lenn (1995), survivors who believe that management is competent and reliable, may view downsizing as less threatening because they believe that the managers will keep their promise, be honest and open for what is going on with their employees. Trust is instrumental in overcoming resistance to change, for it shapes how individuals interpret the implementation process (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979). If they have trust, survivors are willing think that all the things that organization do, have a reason, it is a good thing for them, for organization, downsizing just helps organization stand in difficult time as well as creating opportunities for employees in the future. In other words, trust in top management minimizes the categorization of threat by helping survivors to understand and believe in managements intentions and expected behavior. If they do not have trust, survivors will have negative thinking such as the decision of manager is wrong, or managers put their personal interests above the interests of employees. Without trust, employees are likely to feel threatened by downsizing, leading to resistance and retaliation, rather than the constructive cooperation that is necessary to facilitate deep change (Quinn, 1996). Commitment There are a lot of definitions about employee commitment such as A force that stabilizes individual behavior under circumstances where the individual would otherwise be tempted to change that behavior (Brickman, 1987), or The relative strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization (Mowday et al, 1979) or simply A psychological state that binds the individual to the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). Commitment is loyalty to the organization. A loyal employee identifies with an organization and is involved in being an employee of that organization (Price Mueller, 1986). Committed employees feel that there is a tight string between them and the organization, which, in the positive form, makes them more willing to perform their job. Organizational commitment is the driving force behind an organizations performance (Suliman and Iles, 2000, p. 408). The multidimensional approach poses that organization commitment is influenced by three constru cts: emotional attachment (affective commitment), perceived costs (continuance commitment) and moral obligation (normative commitment) (Allen and Meyer, 1990). Affective commitment is mean that employees stay with organization because they want to, they believes in organization and feel it like their home. Normative commitment is mean that employees stay with organization because they feel obligated to continue to work for many different reasons and purposes. Continuance commitment is mean that employees stay with the organization because cost of giving up the job is too high for them. (European Motivation-Index.com). It has also been proposed that different types of commitment can have different effects on behaviors and attitudes (Iles et al., 1990). For example, continuance commitment can have detrimental effects on job satisfaction compared to the beneficial effects of affective commitment (Suliman and Iles, 2000). Affective commitment has been shown to be the best predictor of i ntention to leave (Stallworth, 2004) and found to be more important than job satisfaction in determining service quality of customer-contact employees (Malhotra and Mukherjee, 2004). It can be seen that in human resource management process, organizations should pay attention to the affect commitment group because these people will add value, increase productivity and quality to the organization, but they also be the most affected by downsizing, or in other word maintaining a high level of employees affective commitment to the organization is assumed to be a critical factor for successful downsizing, but downsizing tends to reduce employees affective commitment to the organization (Lee Jaewon, 2002). According to many research about employee commitment, in downsizing context, employees commitment to an organization is challenged. Moreover, commitment has been shown to positively influence other variables related to survivor syndrome, such as job satisfaction (Liou, 1995; Fletcher and Williams, 1996; Mowday et al., 1974; Wong et al., 1995; Vandenberg and Lance, 1992), performance (Hartmann and Bambacas, 2000) and perceived organizational support (Eisenberger et al. , 2001). A negative relationship has been shown for absenteeism (Iverson and Deery, 2001; Metcalfe and Dick, 2000) and turnover intention (Schnake and Dumler, 2000) Stress According to Casico Wynn (2004) stated that the downsizing create a breach of an unwritten rules that constitute the psychological contract between employer and employee leads to a rise in stress and a decrease in satisfaction, commitment, intention to stay and perceptions of an organizations trustworthiness, honesty, and caring about its employees. Stress has been defined as a stimulus, a response, or the result of an interaction between the two, with the interaction described in terms of some imbalance between the person and the environment (Cooper, Dewe ODriscoll, 2001). When downsizing occurs, like the victims, the survivors often lose control over their employment status and work situation. Survivors often feel angry and overwhelmed by the sudden disruption of the workplace, similar to people who be laid off, survivors also have feelings of betrayal and fury when downsizing occurs. Research also indicates that other stressful characteristics tend to emerge when work has to be carried out by fewer employees (Hellgren Sverke 2001; Hopkins Weathington 2006; Pfeffer 1998). The lack of people to work become overwhelmed, constant anxiety because of imbalance as well as job losses can be happened anytime that creates stress to survivors. Employee stress can take many forms and significant impact on both employees and organizations; it can manifest as anxiety, irritability, dependency, depression and it results in reduced productivity, employee burnout, absenteeism (Valueoption.com). It has been suggested that the stress of the survivor may be great or even greater than the stress of those who has been laid off (Kaufman 1982). Job insecurity Job insecurity is the exact opposite of job security, is defined as the perceived powerlessness to maintain desired continuity in a threatened job situation by Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt (1984). Job insecurity represents one of the most frequently investigated stressors in the context of organizational change and downsizing (e.g., De Witte 1999; Sverke/Hellgren 2002). The string sticks employees with organization is job, in other word, any organization keeps their employees by proper job with many opportunities to learn, to develop, and above all of them, the job has to be durable and security. When downsizing occurs, survivors feel like the promise of organization has broken down, they see their colleagues lose their job and they fear of losing their jobs at anytime, fear of instability of income, loss of status or self esteem. They believe that their work will no longer be safe, if the organization was willing to let the employees go in the past, they would be willing to do it again in the future. Job insecurity leads to dissatisfaction, people intent to leave the organization and come to a safer place; it also leads to greater absenteeism, higher turnovers and disability claims (Boroson and Burgess, 1992; Koco. 1996; Mishra and Spreitzer. 1998; Tombaugh and White. 1990). Previous studies such as Moore, Grunberg Greenberg (2006); Ashford, Lee Bobko (1989); Brockner et al. (1992) or Hellgren Sverke (2003) have concluded that job insecurity are related with organizational downsizing both in short and long term perspective and the worried about future job loss is associated with impaired work attitudes and well-being. Theorists have emphasized that job insecurity is a multidimensional phenomenon (Ashford, Lee Bobko, 1989; Greenhalgh Rosenblatt, 1984; Jacobson, 1991). The first dimension, called severity of threat, consists of the range of work features at risk, the valence of these features, probabilities of losing each feature, and the number of sources of threat. The second dimension is perceived powerlessness, or ones ability to respond to risks. Job insecurity can also be thought of in terms of expectancy (i.e. probability of loss) and valence (i.e. value of job features) from expectancy theory (Jacobson, 1991). Job insecurity is a broad concept , including threats to any desired work features including opportunities for career development or wages. Perceptions of job insecurity also can be considered as stress inducing, so reports of worry and stress are sometimes used as proxies for perception of job insecurity. Results showed that perceived job insecurity increased over time as layoffs unfolded but no new information arrived. Job insecurity was lowest among those employees who had no contact with workforce downsizing, with higher insecurity among those who had friends or co-workers laid off, and the highest insecurity among those who had been warned that they would be laid off or who had been laid off and then rehired. Hypotheses Many organization managers apply workforce downsizing strategy for their organization, often focus their attention and effort for those employees who be laid off and pay little attention to those who remain with organization As the large commercial bank in Vietnam, Techcombank is also applying workforce downsizing like many other organizations to overcome the current difficulties. Get to know the survivors syndrome is very important not only for Techcombank but also for many other organizations. Organizations that understand the causes of survivor syndrome at an early stage can a better chance to find an appropriate way to go. Based on the previous studies, in the scope of this research, researcher would like to find out the impact of workforce downsizing to the behavior such as trust, commitment, and stress and job insecurity of Techcombank staffs to see how they were affected by workforce downsizing and how trust, commitment, stress and job insecurity will be changed between before and after workforce downsizing is applied. Through this research, researcher hopes to put some help for Techcombank managers in order to have a better understanding about their employees so that they can looking for an appropriate direction as well as specific plan to minimize the harmful impacted that may arises from downsizing. Based on the above theory discussion, the Hypothesis is formulated as following: (H1) There is a significant difference in stress of respondents before and after workforce downsizing is applied (H2) There is a significant difference in stress of respondents before and after workforce downsizing is applied (H3) There is a significant difference in stress of respondents before and after workforce downsizing is applied (H4) There is a significant difference in stress of respondents before and after workforce downsizing is applied Chapter Summary Throughout the chapter, the researcher gives a deeper review of previous research on workforce downsizing and its impacted on survivors. There are many different opinions about the effects of workforce downsizing on organizations, some studies indicated

James Joyces Araby - The Symbol of the Church in Araby Essay -- Joyce

James Joyce's Dubliners - The Symbol of the Church in Araby Joyce's short story "Araby" is filled with symbolic images of a church. It opens and closes with strong symbols, and in the body of the story, the images are shaped by the young), Irish narrator's impressions of the effect the Church of Ireland has upon the people of Ire-land. The boy is fiercely determined to invest in someone within this Church the holiness he feels should be the natural state of all within it, but a succession of experiences forces him to see that his determination is in vain. At the climax of the story, when he realizes that his dreams of holiness and love are inconsistent with the actual world, his anger and anguish are directed, not toward the Church, but to-ward himself as "a creature driven by vanity." In addition to the images in the story that are symbolic of the Church and its effect upon the people who belong to it, there are descriptive words and phrases that add to this representational meaning. The story opens with a description of the Dublin neighborhood where the boy lives. Strikingly suggestive of a church, the image shows the ineffectuality of the Church as a vital force in the lives of the inhabitants of the neighborhood-the faithful within the Church. North Richmond Street is composed of two rows of houses with â€Å"brown imperturbable faces" (the pews) leading down to the tall "un-inhabited house" (the empty altar). The boy's own home is set in a garden the natural state of which would be like Paradise, since it contains a "central apple tree"; however, those who should have cared for it have allowed it to become desolate, and the central tree stands alone amid "a few straggling bushes." At dusk when the boy and his companions... ... like Mangan's sister-her words are trivial and worldly. In a sudden flash of insight the boy sees that his faith and his passion have been blind. He sees in the "two men counting money on a salver" a symbol of the moneylenders in the temple. He allows the pennies to fall in his pocket. The lights in the hall go out; his "church" is in darkness. Tears fill his eyes as he sees himself a "creature driven and derided by vanity, â€Å"whose "foolish blood" made him see secular desires as symbols of true faith. In this moment of disillusionment he feels that he himself is at fault for being so bemused by his ideals that he failed completely to see the world as it is. He has discovered in his Church and in love (both traditional symbols of ineffably sacred loveliness) only a shoddy imitation of true beauty. Understandably his disillusionment causes him "anguish and anger."   

A Comparison of Socrates’ and Luther’s Ideas of Freedom

Despite a difference of around two millennia, or 2000 years, the claims to freedom of the Greek philosopher Socrates and the German Leader of the Protestant Reformation Martin Luther lend themselves to both similarities and differences.Although there are more differences than similarities, the two works have both not only expressed the dreams and aspirations of these two great man but especially changed the societies in which they lived, although gradually.This paper will discuss the similarities between Socrates’ claims in the Apology and those of Luther in Concerning Christian Liberty. This paper will discuss the similarities between Socrates’ claims to freedom in the Apology and those of Luther in Concerning Christian Liberty.SimilaritiesThe claims of Socrates and Luther to certain freedoms share a few similarities.An Exhortation to Oppose Established Institutions. Both Socrates’ and Luther’s claims for freedom exhorted people to oppose established inst itutions. While Socrates tried to undermine the immoral ways of Athenian society, Luther wanted to expose the defects in the theological bases of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church.Socrates, on one hand, criticized Athenian society when he said, â€Å"If there were a law at Athens, such as there is in other cities, that a capital cause should not be decided in one day, then I believe that I should have convinced you† (Apology).And somehow he implied a certain attachment of Athenians to money when he said, â€Å"I tell you that virtue is not given by money, but that from virtue come money and every other good of man, public as well as private.† (Apology)On the other hand, Luther exhorted Christians and Catholics to question the theological basis of the Catholic doctrines. He expressed his opposition when he mentioned every time he mentioned that works were not a path to spiritual salvation but only faith and faith alone. Aside from this, he mentioned that: "†¦it will profit nothing that the body should be adorned with sacred vestments, or dwell in holy places, or be occupied in sacred offices, or pray, fast, and abstain from certain meats, or do whatever works can be done through the body and in the body.† (Luther)DifferencesThe claims of Socrates and Luther to certain freedoms also lend themselves to a number of differences from the notion of their freedoms to the way they have presented their claims.Notion of Freedom. Socrates and Luther were both fighting for different kinds of freedoms.First of all, one of the freedoms that Socrates was fighting for was more of a freedom of expression, or specifically a general freedom to question the logic that operated behind the Athenian justice system. The Athenian Meletus accused Socrates of being â€Å"a doer of evil, and corrupter of the youth, and he does not believe in the gods of the state, and has other new divinities of his own† (Apology).To this accusation, Socratesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ sarcastically claims his freedom of expression by saying, â€Å"If my offence is unintentional, the law has no cognizance of unintentional offences; you ought to have taken me privately, and warned and admonished me† (Apology). This is the more personal freedom that Socrates was fighting for in the course of his defense. Socrates proved Meletus’ illogic several times during his defense so Socrates was indirectly making here a claim for the freedom of the mind through logic.As for the other freedom that Socrates seemed to have been fighting for was the freedom of philosophy. This freedom was implied when Socrates said, Men of Athens, I honor and love you; but I shall obey God rather than you, and while I have life and strength I shall never cease from the practice and teaching of philosophy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Apology). Such a statement was naturally taken by the Athenian court as a defiance of the authority of the state that defined obedience to God as obedience to the laws rather than to one’s philosophy.Furthermore, Socrates’ claim for this freedom and his defense of it in Plato’s Apology was more of a defense of personal convictions considering that Socrates himself was on trial at the time that he declared his claims for this freedom.Based on the aforementioned points, the idea of freedom of Socrates was different from that proposed by Luther. Luther’s ideas were more on religion rather than on logic and philosophy. Luther expressed the nature of the freedom that he claims when he said, â€Å"For faith alone, and the efficacious use of the word of God, brings salvation† (Luther). This therefore is a freedom from works, and is explicitly stated by Luther when he said, â€Å"†¦this faith cannot consist at all with works†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Luther) and that â€Å"†¦no work can cleave to the word of God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Luther).

The Ren And The Coyote

The Ren And The Coyote Coyote and the Hen Once upon a time in a Mayan village in Mexico, a hen was up in the branches of a tree, and a coyote came up to him "I've brought some good news for you. Do you want to hear it?" asked the coyote. "Do you really have some good news?" the hen asked. The coyote answered: "It's about the two of us. Hear this, the coyote and the hen have made peace. Now we're going to be friends and you can come down from the tree." Hen was suspicious and was sure this was another one of Coyotes awful tricks. All the Hens know coyote would love to eat them as a snack. The hen kept asking if it was true what the coyote was saying, "Where was the peace treaty approved, Coyote?" The coyote answered, "Over there by the hunting grounds on the other side of the mountain.English: Coyote (canis latrans) with typical throa...

Disproval of Spontaneos Gen. essays

Disproval of Spontaneos Gen. essays How Spontaneous Generation was Disproved From the beginning of time it was believed that living things could come from nonliving things. This process was known as spontaneous generation. However, in the middle of the 17th century and then through the next 100 years, this idea was disproved by three important experiments. We now know that a nonliving object or group of objects can not turn into a living organism. Spontaneous generation is impossible in the atmosphere that we have today. In the early 1600s, people believed that living organisms could evolve from nonliving organisms. They proved this by saying that if a piece of meat was left out uncovered, that maggots would appear in a few days. These worms did not come from anything that they could see, so they assumed they came from the nonliving meat. In 1668, a man named Redi designed and completed an experiment that showed how this was not true. He took two pieces of raw meat, and left them out. He covered one so that nothing could get in, and left the other one open. The open one grew maggots, and the covered one did not, proving that the dead meat did not produce the worms as they had previously thought. In the 1700s a man named Spallanzani proved Redis idea to a further extent. He noticed microbial growth on boiled pond water after being exposed to the air. To prove that this growth came from something living in the air, and not from the nonliving water, he designed an experiment. He boiled pond water to kill all the microbial growths. He then poured that water into two separate test tubes. He sealed one so that no air could get in, and left one open to the air. The one that was left open slowly became more and more cloudy with microbial growths. The sealed tube stayed as clear as it had been when it was boiled. This experiment proved that the growths could not come from nonliving organisms, but had to have been transported there throu...

Ch.5 and 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ch.5 and 6 - Essay Example Ethos is another type of appeal that presents the good character of the speaker as proof of the point being made. â€Å"My faith in the Constitution is whole†¦and I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, subversion, destruction of the Constitution†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jordan puts herself forth as an example of a good American citizen. Mythos is an appeal founded on cultural values. She stresses the contrast between â€Å"a president grown tyrannical† versus the â€Å"preservation of the independence of the executive† as one of the time-honored distinctions made by the democratic American. The first is the proposition of fact, which deals with alleged facts which are debatable or inconclusive. An example of this is the allegation that: â€Å"The police power of stop and search is used by police officers to discriminate against members of the black race.† The second is the proposition of value, which treats on the morality, rightness, merit or worth of an idea or an action. This is illustrated by the statement: â€Å"Abortion is the taking of human life and is thus a crime.† The third is the proposition of policy, which encourages an audience to agree with an idea or to take an action. It goes beyond making a categorical statement and espouses the adoption of a policy or the pursuit of a course of action. An example of this type of proposition is: â€Å"Millionaires who lost their jobs in the recent recession should not be allowed to claim welfare.† There are six steps to building an argument. The first step is to develop a proposition. The proposition is that central idea that you would wish to convince your audience of, and it is best stated in a clear, declarative statement. Second, lay out a variety of compelling and coherent evidence. The evidence must be directly supportive of the proposition, not only tangentially related to it. Also, the evidence must have a clear connection in the mind of the audience,

The concept of hot desking and the importance of this technique in the Dissertation

The concept of hot desking and the importance of this technique in the modern world - Dissertation Example e end of this report to improve the concept of hot desking is that the organizations should propose an event in a month to socialize the employees so as they get familiarize with their behaviours and interests in order to achieve good collaboration and communication and to increase the performance efficiency. Table of Contents Acknowledgement 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 1.1 Background 8 1.2 Research Aim: 9 1.3 Research objectives: 9 1.4 Research Questions: 10 1.5 Significance of this study: 10 1.6 Scope of this study: 10 1.7 Rationale: 11 Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Hot desking and cost saving 12 2.3 Hot desking with greater utilisation and flexibility 13 2.4 Hot desking and Information Technology 14 2.5 Self-Categorisation Theory 15 2.6 Spatial Theory of Organisation 16 2.7 Lefebvre’s Spatial Triad 17 2.8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 18 2.9 Belbin’s Team Work Theory 19 2.9 Determinants of Job Satisfaction 19 2.10 Flexible H ours; a Core Component of Hot Desking 20 2.11 Moving Towards a Model of Hybrid Organisations 20 2.12 Effective Communication Model 21 2.12.1 Impact of Work Environment on Transfer of Skills 22 2.12.2 Hot Desking Implications in Business Organisations 23 Source: (Fiehn and Miller 2009)Chapter 3: Research Methodology 26 3.1 Introduction: 26 3.2 Adopted Research Methodology: 26 3.2.1 Inductive Approach: 27 3.3 Data Collection: 27 3.3.1 Primary Research: 27 3.3.2 Sampling: 29 3.4 Basis for Analysis: 30 3.5 Limitations: 30 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion 32 4.1 Introduction 32 This chapter provides a summary and discussion of the findings from the interviews and the survey questions, which were conducted at Cisco. The researcher interviewed seven individuals from different departments of Cisco; their... This study looks into hot desking as a physical workstation, which involves multiple employees or those workers that are working on different shifts. Hot desking also means independent location working in which the workers have their own desk and they could work from anywhere according to their needs. The employees are connected to their computers and the IP phones through a virtual desktop. The practice of hot desking was brought in to the business world in 1990’s but it was not commonly used because of limited technology adoption by the companies but however, the concept is widely adopted in the modern world because organizations are moving towards saving the costs and increasing their productivity. The origin of the concept hot desking was first implemented in the navy, which was then known as ‘hot bunking’ where the sailors would share the limited bunk space in shifts. Hot desking is useful to those companies whose employees are frequently out of the office or the job description of the employees includes working out of the premises of the offices. It improves communication and collaboration at work having a highly mobile work force and releases the pressures of the budget. The frequent use of hot desking in the workplace is where when the employees are not in the office at the same time or for a very long time and their offices and desks are often vacant so the company utilizes that office space by appointing more workforces to consume valuable space and save the expenses.

Compare Three Stocks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare Three Stocks - Research Paper Example Its drug portfolio contains medicine of almost every discovered disease present on this earth. It is a renowned player in the drug industry and a benchmark for its practices as well. Abbot primarily serves retailers, wholesalers, hospitals and health care facilitators. As to date, Abbot’s market capitalization is 84.26B and its Enterprise Value is 93.96B. On December 31st, 2010 Abbot reported revenues of 38.44B and net income of 4.55B. It has 1.56B shares outstanding with a market price of $54.09/share. The quarterly growth of revenue calculated on a year-on-year basis is 13.20%. Amazon.com Inc is a service sector firm and belongs to catalog & mail order industry. The company was founded in 1994 and it is located in United States. The company is works as an online retailer in North America as well as internationally. The company focuses on selection, price and convenience of customers through its website. Moreover, it enables its customers to sell their product through Amazon and gives product developers a platform to market their products. As to date, Amazon.com’s market capitalization is 86.22B and its Enterprise Value is 85.50B. On December 31st, 2010 Amazon.com reported revenues of 43.59B and net income of 870.00 M. It has 454.75M shares outstanding with share price of $189.59/share. ... As to date, 3M Co.’s market capitalization is 56.34B and its Enterprise Value is 59.04B. On December 31st, 2010 Amazon.com reported revenues of 29.23B and net income of 4.26B. It has 700.84M shares outstanding with share price of $80.39/share. The quarterly growth of revenue calculated on a year-on-year basis is 9.60%. b. Calculate the average annual return for each stock. = Price at December 1st, 2010 = Price at December 1st, 2011 Abbot Laboratories (ABT): Amazon.com: 3M Co.: c. Which is the riskiest security and which is the least risky based on the SD? (Remember higher the standard deviation the riskier the stock will be). Standard deviation for the stock is calculated by taking stock price from Jan 1st,2011 to Dec 31st,2011. 3M Co.’s standard deviation is 6.61 Amazon.com’s standard deviation is 19.41 Abbot Laboratory’s standard deviation is 2.771 The riskiest security in terms of standard deviation is Amazon.com with 19.41. The stock price ranged from as low as $160.59 to as high as 246.71. The least risky security is Abbot Laboratory with more or less stable prices. The highest in year 2011 was price was $55.61 and lowest price was $45.07. 3M Co.’s stock had standard deviation of 6.61 with highest price of $98.19 and lowest price of 68.63. d. Please comment on the best performing stock and the worst performing stock and provide some justification. The best performing stock for a risk adverse investor would be Abbot Laboratories. The earnings have been stable over the year. However, for a risk taker it would be Amazon.com with quarterly revenue growth year-on-year of 43.90%. The standard deviation is high and the return associated with it is also high. For an investor who has held the stock for the whole year would enjoy a return of 10.58%.

Marie Antoinette Essay Example for Free

Marie Antoinette Essay Arias Alma Aguilar Political Science 101 24 September 2012 Marie Antoinette Let them eat cake is probably one of the most recited quotes around the world, which is known to be spoken by the last Queen of France, Marie Antoinette. Although often reffered to as The Party Queen or in other words, the Queen who danced while her people starved. But what many fail to recognize is the fact that Marie Antoinette was the Queen who cared for her people. The only think she cared for more than the welfare of her people, was the welfare of her children. In order for one to understand and have the ability to fully understand the French Revolution, and Monarchy, one must go back and analyze Marie Antoinettes personal background, her political contributions and achievements, and her political influences. Personal Background Marie Antoinette (Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria) was born in Vienna, Austria on November 2nd, 1755. She was the fifteenth child, and eleventh (and last) daughter of the Emperor Francis 1st of Lorraine and Maria Theresa of Austria, at the head of the Habsburg dynasty(Moore 3). Francis 1st died in August 1765, leaving his wife and his elder son to co-rule his empire. To promote diplomatic relationships with France, Marie Antoinette was asked to marry Louis Auguste, the Dauphin of France (Campan 3). With the conclusion of the Seven Years War in 1763, an alliance between Austria and France became a priority for Empress Maria Theresa; cementing alliances through matrimonial connections was a common practice among European royal families at the time. In 1765, the son of French Emperor Louis XV, Louis Ferdinand, died, leaving his 11-year-old grandson Louis Auguste heir to the French throne. Within months, Marie Antoinette and Louis Auguste were pledged to marry each other. A child of only 14 years, delicately beautiful with gray-blue eyes and ash-blonde hair, in May 1770, Marie Antoinette set out for France to be married, escorted by 57 carriages, 117 footmen and 376 horses. On May 16, 1770, Marie Antoinette and Louis Auguste were married. (Campan 6) Louis XV passed away in 1774, and Louis Auguste succeeded him to the French throne as Louis XVI, making Marie Antoinette, at 19 years old, Queen of France(Barker 9). However, as personalities went Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette could not have been more different. He was introverted, shy and indecisive, a lover of solitary pleasures such as reading and metalwork. She was vivacious,outgoing and bold, a social butterfly who loved gambling, partying and extravagant fashions. Political Influences and Development Though many have argued that Marie Antoinette did not have any political development or influences, due to her social and eccentric ways, Marie always referred to someone in her life as the main source of admiration. Her Mother, Queen Maria Theresa, Marie often spoke of her with profound respect, but she based all her schemes for the education of her children on the essentials which had been neglected in her own(Barker 9). Maria Theresa, often was inspired awe by her great qualities, taught the Archduchesses to fear and respect rather than to love her. The Empress was too much taken up with high political interests to have it in her power to d evote herself to maternal attentions. (Campan 8) The queens influence on domestic policy before 1789 has also been exaggerated. Her interference in politics was usually in order to obtain jobs and money for her friends. It is true, however, that she usually opposed the efforts of reforming ministers such as A. R. J. Turgot (1727–1781) and became involved in court scandals against them. ( Moore 12 ) Activities such as the diamond necklace affair, where the queen was accused of having an improper relationship with a wealthy church official in exchange for an expensive necklace, increased her unpopularity and led to a stream of pamphlets and articles against her(Barker 11). The fact that after the birth of her children Marie Antoinettes way of life became more restrained did not alter the popular image of an immoral and extravagant woman. As soon as the arrival of a stranger of rank at Vienna was made known, the Empress brought her family about her, admitted them to her table, and by this concerted meeting induced a belief that she herself presided over the education of her children. Contributions and Writtings From the beginning of the revolution, Marie Antoinette and Louis had hopes for a compromise: in other words, a constitution that would include the monarchy. Trying to re-establish normalcy, Marie Antoinette continued her generous patronage of the poor children of Paris. At the fireworks celebrating the marriage of the young prince and princess in May 1774, there was a stampede in which many people were killed. Louis and Antoinette gave all of their private spending money for a year to relieve the suffering of the victims and their families. (Campan 2)Marie-Antoinettes reputation for sweetness and mercy became even more entrenched in 1774, when as the new Queen she asked that the people be relieved of a tax called The Queens belt, customary at the beginning of each reign. Belts are no longer worn, she said. She also spent as much time as possible with her own children, particularly the dauphin. (Moore, 8). Much of the writings Marie wrote was her diary which is filled with a young gir ls feelings about her arranged marriage. She describes a French Court dominated by intricate rules of etiquette and protocol and excessive attention to fashion and grooming. In her last letter, Marie-Antoinette wrote to her sister-in-law Madame Elisabeth: Happiness is doubled when shared with a friend†¦. † ( Campan 4 )In those words are contained the value she placed on friendship to her happiness. The queen had a great capacity for friendship, although she was not always smart in her choice of companions. Conclusion The story of revolution and resistance in 18th-century France is a complicated one, and no two historians tell the story the same way. However, it is clear that for the revolutionaries, Marie Antoinette’s significance was mainly, powerfully symbolic. She and the people around her seemed to represent everything that was wrong with the monarchy and the Second Estate: They appeared to be tone-deaf, out of touch, disloyal (along with her allegedly treasonous behavior, writers and pamphleteers frequently accused the queen of adultery) and self-interested( Moore 17 ). What Marie Antoinette was actually like was beside the point; the image of the queen was far more influential than the woman herself. Marie Antoinette was the Austrian born child bride of the future King Louis XVI of France. It was an arranged marriage designed to (hopefully) create a better relationship between the two countries which was a common practice by the Monarchy to reduce conflicts and warfare between Nations(Campan 7). The French people resented the Austrian Queen and she was the subject of numerous rumors that she had been planted in Fran ce as a spy, was a spendthrift, was cold, cruel, evil, mean and any number of other charges. In truth, she was a well educated woman with excellent regal poise, she was a well qualified linguist, played the Harp with great versatility, was an accomplished equestrian and was considered to be an excellent mother to her four children. She was put to death during the French Revolution at the age of 37 on 16 October 1793. (Marie Antoinette Biography 3) Marie Antoinette was a symbol of goodness and of everything that was right with the French monarchy. Also as queen, she made many changes that affected Frances system of government and law. Marie had abolished the law of segregated dining spaces, as she felt it was wrong. She had gained popularity with people of France at first with her generosity as she continuosly gave to the poor of Paris. After the Revolution, Marie faced the women who stormed Versailles and when her family and her were forced to live in Paris as prisoners she never lost hope that she would find a way to get out and hold her familys reputation as well as her political career; Even after the Republic was proclaimed in 1792, and her husband was executed. (Barker 5) Despite the tragic outcome of Marie Antoinettes life, she never blamed her people. She remained a devoted mother and wife, although her life as the Queen of France ended in a moments notice. Although many through time have viewed her as a shallow, weak and a self- indulgent person. But through recent years many historians have concluded the opposite; seen more as a lively, misunderstood, and compassionate character. She was a devoted mothe r,making sure her children were well educated, and cherished. And even when she knew her life was coming to an end, she made sure her children were in safe hands. And as Queen, she wanted the best for her people, giving generous donations and contributions to the minority. Marie Antoinette as a person and a friend was quite possibly one of her best traits, marked through history. The Political side of her and her family status was the main source of The French Revolution. She was proud to be french, but in the end all the hopes she had for her country demolished right before her eyes. But as terrible as she might be portrayed in your history books. Marie Antoinette will always be the last Queen France ever had. Bibliography Barker, Nancy. Let Them Eat Cake: The Mythical Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution. Historian (Summer 1993): 709-25. Madame Campan. Memoirs of Marie Antoinette. N. p. : Barker, n. d. Memoirs of Marie Antoinette. Web. 01 Sept. 2012. . Marie Antoinette Biography. Marie Antoinette Biography. N. p. , 01 July 2012. Web. 25 Aug. 2012. . Moore, Marianne. Marie Antoinette. New World Encyclopedia. N. p. , 03 Apr. 2007. Web. 01 Sept. 2012. .